La Psicología de la Liberación: un caso paradigmático de «Teoría desde el Sur»
Resumen
La Psicología de la Liberación (PL) es un movimiento intelectual meta-teórico que tiene sus raíces en las condiciones socio-históricas de Latinoamérica y otorga una posición privilegiada a las perspectivas de los oprimidos y marginalizados. Las perspectivas iluminadas por la PL constituyen una posición epistemológica que permite el análisis crítico de los conceptos, prácticas y representaciones de la realidad impuestos desde los centros de poder geopolítico que no concuerdan con las experiencias vitales de las mayorías mundiales. En el presente artículo exploramos la intersección entre la PL y la Psicología Cultural, describiendo algunos trabajos de investigación que demuestran el potencial de las perspectivas de la PL para guiar el desarrollo de una nueva ciencia psicológica de aplicación general que genere conocimientos más generalizables a todos los seres humanos y más conducentes al bienestar social sostenible.
Citas
Adams, G. (2005). The cultural grounding of personal relationship: Enemyship in North American and West African worlds. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 948-968.
Adams, G., Biernat, M., Branscombe, N. R., Crandall, C. S., & Wrightsman, L. S. (2008). Beyond prejudice: Toward a sociocultural psychology of racism and oppression. En G. Adams, M. Biernat, N. R. Branscombe, C. S. Grandall, & L. S. Wrightsrnan (Eds.), Commemorating Brown: The social psychology of racism antidiscrimination (pp. 215-246). Washington, DC: APA Books
Adams, G. E., Bruckmüller, S., & Decker, S. K. (2012). Self and agency in context: Ecologies of abundance and scarcity. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 1, 141-153.
Adams, G. & Markus, H. R. (2004). Toward a conception of culture suitable for a social psychology of culture. En M. Schaller, C.S. Crandall (Eds.), The Psychological Foundations of Culture (pp. 335-360). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Adams, G. & Salter, P.S. (2007) Health Psychology in African Settings: A Cultural-psychological Analysis. Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 539–551.
Adams, G., Kurtiș, T., Salter, P.S., & Anderson, S.L. (2012). A cultural psychology of relationship: Decolonizing science and practice. In O. Gillath, G. Adams, & A.D. Kunkel, (Eds.), Relationship science: Integrating evolutionary, neuroscience, and sociocultural approaches (pp. 49-70). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Adams, G., Thomas Tormala, T., & O'Brien, L. T. (2006). The effect of self-affirmation on perceptions of racism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 616-626.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Appiah, K. A. (1992). In My Father's House. Africa in the Philosophy of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of Authoritative Parental Control on Child Behavior. Child Development, 4, 887-907.
Berry, J. W. (1967). Independence and conformity in subsistence-level societies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 415-418.
Bulham, H. A. (1985). Frantz Fanon and the Psychology of oppression. NY: Plenum Press
Coe, C. (2011). What is love? The materiality of care in Ghanaian transnational families. International Migration.49(6), 7-24.
Comaroff, J. & Comaroff, J. (2012). Theory from the South, or, How Euro-America is Evolving Toward Africa. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico, CEH. (1999). Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio. Guatemala: Oficina de Servicios para Proyectos de Naciones Unidas.
Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y.S. (2011). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. En N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research, 4th Ed. (pp. 1-19). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Díaz-Guerrero, R. (1977). A Mexican psychology. American Psychologist, 32, 934-944.
Enriquez, V. (1977). Filipino psychology in the Third World. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 10, 3-18.
Fanon, F. (1963). The Wretched of the Earth. (Trad. Constance Farrington). New York: Grove.
Geertz, C. (1973). Thick descriptions: Toward an interpretive theory of culture. In C. Geertz (Ed.), The interpretation of culture (pp. 3-30). New York: Basic Books.
Gerde, P. F. (2004). Culture, Power, and Experience: Toward a Person-Centered Cultural Psychology. Human Development, 47, 138-157.
Hatfield, E. & Rapson, R.L. (2010). Culture, attachment style, and romantic relationships. In P. Erdman & K.M. Ng (Eds.), Attachment: Expanding the cultural connections (pp. 227-242). London: Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
Jackman, M. R. (1994). The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kurtiş, T., Adams, G., & Yellow Bird, M. (2010). Generosity or genocide? Identity implications of silence in American Thanksgiving celebrations. Memory, 18(2), 208-224.
Lander, E. (Ed.) (2000). La colonialidad del saber. Eurocentrismo y ciencias sociales. Perspectivas latinoamericanas. Buenos Aires: CLACSO.
Markus, H. R., Mullally, P. R. & Kitayama, S. (1997). Selfways: Diversity in modes of cultural perception. In U. Neisser & D. A. Jopling (Eds.), The Conceptual self in context: Culture, experience, self-understanding. The Emory symposia in cognition (pp. 13-61). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Martín-Baró, I. (1972). Presupuestos psicosociales de una caracterología para nuestros países. Estudios Centroamericanos, 290, 765-786.
Martín-Baró. I. (1974), Elementos de concientización socio-política en los currículos de las Universidades. Estudios Centroamericanos, 313/314, 765-783.
Martín-Baró, I. (1983). Acción e ideología: Psicología social desde Centroamérica. San Salvador: UCA Editores.
Martín-Baró, I. (1985). La encuesta de opinión pública como instrumento desideologizador. Cuadernos de Psicología, 1/2, 93-108.
Martín-Baró, I. (1986). Hacia una psicología de la liberación. Boletín de Psicología de El Salvador, 22, 219-231.
Mbembe, A. (2001). On the Postcolony. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press,
Mignolo, W. D. (2007). The Rhetoric of Modernity, the Logic of Coloniality and the Grammar of De-coloniality. Cultural Studies, 21, 449-514.
Mignolo, W. D. (2009). Epistemic disobedience, independent thought, and decolonial freedom. Theory, Culture, and Society, 26, 159–181
Miller, J. G. (1994). Cultural diversity in the morality of caring: Individually-oriented versus duty-based interpersonal moral codes. Cross-Cultural Research, 28, 3-39.
Mills, C. (1997) The racial contract. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Montero, M. (2004). Relaciones entre Psicología Social Comunitaria, Psicología Crítica y Psicología de la Liberación: Una respuesta latinoamericana. Psykhe, 13, 17-28.
Mudimbe, V. (1988). The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Nsamenang, B. & Dawes, A. (1998). Developmental Psychology as Political Psychology in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Challenge of Africanisation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 47,73-87.
Nelson, J.C., Adams, G., & Salter, P.S. (2013). The Marley Hypothesis: Racism denial reflects ignorance of history. Psychological Science,24(2), 213-218.
Okazaki, S., David, E. J. R. & Abelmann, N. (2008). Colonialism and Psychology of Culture. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 90–106.
Salter, P. S. (2010). Representations of Black history as intentional worlds of liberation and oppression. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Kansas. Lawrence, KS, USA.
Salter, P.S., & Adams, G. (2012). Mother or wife? An African dilemma tale and the psychological dynamics of sociocultural change. Social Psychology, 42(4), 232-242.
Shweder, R. (1990). Cultural psychology: What is it? In J. W. Stigler, R. A. Shweder, and G. Herdt (Eds.), Cultural psychology: Essays on comparative human development (130-204). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Sinha, D. (1986). Psychology in a Third World country: The Indian experience. New Delhi: Sage.
Snider, D. (2012). Support for realist policy: Reality attunement or ignorance? Unpublished M.A. Thesis. University of Kansas. Lawrence, KS, USA.
Trouillot, M.R. (1995). Silencing the past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon.
